Smart refrigeter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Smart refrigeter - Essay ExampleOne benefit of using smart refrigerator is that it can eternize the date to monitor the perishable food closely (Jin & Li, 2009). The refrigerator has the capability of sending alerts when foods reach a point of spoilage. The alerts can be sent to a computer through or can be displayed on the refrigerators screen. With the list of stock in the refrigerator, the smart refrigerator can fashion possible recipes. If there are some leftover ingredients and one is not sure of what to do with them, this can be a way to dispose of them in the lead they spoil. This essay discusses how the disruptive vs. sustaining innovations can be applied to smart technology.Many organizations usually misunderstand the difference between disruptive and sustaining technology. Sustaining technology is a go away of listening to the customers needs in the existing market and developing products that satisfy their needs and requirements. On the other hand, disruptive technolog y develops parvenu markets that are recount to the mainstream, and they are unknown during the time of technology conception. Disruptive technology is known to produce products that are cheaper, smaller, simple, and more convenient use. They are likely to reach new markets that enable their producers grow rapidly. Smart refrigerators use the disruptive technology in the sense that it has been able to reach new markets its technology has increased rapidly for the pull round few years. The smart refrigerator uses the RFID technology that is a disruptive technology. In the smart refrigerator, the RFID technology helps to keep track of the inventory. It is possible to oversee what is going and issue of the refrigerator. Smart refrigerators are cheaper, simpler, and more convenient to use. Destructive technology has also been used to come up with a smart refrigerator technology in a way that customers do not expect.The smart refrigerator applies the sustainable technology

Multicultural Education (7) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multi pagan Education (7) - Coursework ExampleWhat surprised me about multicultural fosterage is that the cultural background of a teacher and students prat affect the acquirement process. According to Salili and Hoosain (2001), Teachers and students alike have their own cultural backgrounds, values, customs, perception and prejudices. These cultural characteristics play an important role in teaching and learning situations and can have substantial effects on our learning and behavior (p. 9). The fact that some teachers may harbor prejudiced opinions on learners is surprising to me. In my opinion, a teacher ought to expect the best of his or her students regardless of their cultural backgrounds. Salili and Hoosain (2001) reiterate that methodical investigations conducted in the past have shown that teachers beliefs about their students have an impacts on performance. A good model as cited by Salili and Hoosain (2001) is the fact that some may have stereotypes that African America n students perform poorly as compared to tweed American students.The new insights I have had as a result of this class include the importance of conducting proper training to teachers on multicultural education before they can train students. It is important for teachers to have optimistic mindsets in regard to cultural differences characteristic of their students. Being considerate and respectful of different cultural aspects especially in regard to religion and race can have an effect on the overall performance of the students in the classroom (Ghosh, 2011).My main argufy was in relation to communication barrier. Language according to Salili and Hoosain (2001) is one of the factors that define cultures. It is difficult to communicate to students or people whose language is different from mine. As an example , a Chinese student will have to learn English if he wishes to enroll in an American school. However, accent can still be a challenge for teachers. Students performance is de pendent on whether the

Learning Team Reflection Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Reflection EssayOwners and managers in the billet need to make on the job(p) big(p) management decisions such as inventory management, cash-flow management, accounts receivables, and supplier or vendor trade credits to ensure the company has sufficient cash-flows to pay short-term obligations. There ar a few different working(a) capital strategies a business can employ. Flexible current asset management involves holding large cash balances and inventory. The restrictive current asset management strategy requires companies to keep current assets low. make do a Bagel is a young, growing business that applies the working capital trade-off strategy to manage their working capital (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Married entrepreneurs purchased the business when it was a few years old and had four to fin stores (University of Phoenix, 2014). The owners encountered many of the same issues commonly associated with running a young business. They had to learn to de al with customers, vendors, and suppliers however, the larger issue was discovering how to manage their working capital.Maintaining and continually producing working capital is imperative for any business. Effective working capital management ensures the company has enough money to pay the bills. Managing their current assets, inventory, and liabilities are all part of working capital management (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Finagle a Bagel owners focused on mapping erupt their future and ensuring the business would grow enough to produce a successful cash flow. A successful cash flow, and keen understanding of their banking relationship, will allow the companies to more comfort when taking on debt or liabilities. The strategies Finagle a Bagel use for managing working capital are no different from the plan many companies utilize. The owners established a good rapport with their bank, vendors, and suppliers (University of Phoenix, 2014) which enables them to relieve oneself th e opportunity for positive interest rates andtrade-offs.The good interest rates assist in the short-term and long-term when they need to acquire a bend of credit to pay suppliers or to expand the business. The working capital trade-off strategy requires the manager to balance shortage costs against carrying costs (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). The business must be flexible. To allow for more time to pay another business back, trade credit is a strategy businesses extend to one another. Businesses work out a type of credit line to provide the other business with a suitable amount of time to pay their bill (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012).Credit lines are ideal and prevent banks from getting involved. Finagle a Bagel uses the strategy of trade credit regularly. Improper working capital management may imperil a company to default or bankruptcy. Upon reviewing the working capital management video, it is inevitable that the owners and managers in a business should monitor cash inflo ws and outflows periodically by computing financial ratios such as efficiency ratios inventory turnover, and account receivable turnover and working capital ratio to ensure that the company has fitting cash-flows all the time.ReferencesParrino, R., Kidwell, D. S, Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (2nd ed). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. University of Phoenix. (2014). Week 3 Electronic Reserve Videos. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, FIN/571 Foundations of Finance course website.

Romanticism and Classicism Essay Example for Free

Romanticism and Classicism EssayBoth Romanticism and Classicism deal with a certain psychological truth however, they use different proficiencys to show this truth, and, consequently, show different sides of a psyches psychology. The Romanticists take a lyrical stance they explore a mortals emotions and subjectivity. Mostly, this is done in poetry, because poetry generally provides more creative leeway and is more metaphorical. Like each short form, it needs less consistency, but is allowed to focus more on emotion and whatnot.A poem can be created only to pose a timber or a group of feelings. For instance, Yeats poem The Second attack, counterbalance though its first-person perspective is only seen getly in two lines, the feeling of apocalyptic dread is spread throughout the whole poem, from the first lines ( Things illumine apart the centre cannot hold /Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, ) to the last ( And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,/Slouch es towards Bethlehem to be born? ). This poem is on the whole dedicated to showing a single aspect of emotion.It does not require development, but rather elaboration and metaphor, both of which Yeats provides plenty. Moreover, the rhythm and sound of the rhymed term itself is used often to convey an emotion. (Incidentally, Romanticist prose, which is not covered here, overly uses these techniques much more than Classicist prose). See Yeats again Turning and turning in the widening gyre already creates a spinning sensation of something huge, the repetition of the us and is makes the line sound as if it were turning itself.The sounds and rhythm strengthen the feelings the course already evoke, in this eccentric that of the world turning in on itself and when in the next line, The falcon cannot hear the falconer we ar faced with a relatively small bird, the illusion of a transition from microcosm to macrocosm is evoked. Portraying subjectivity is easiest to do from a first-pe rson position, because it allows the poet and the lecturer both to get into the head and soulfulness of the character. This is sh consume well in most Romantic poetry.For instance, Owens in his descriptions of war depicts the horrors from his own, first-person horizon, and attempts to make the reader sympathize by creating images that invite a certain empathy, in this case a feeling of horror at things two people in dialog fear together. An especially powerful example is present in Dulce et decorousness Est (If in some smothering dreams you too could pace /Behind the wagon that we flung him in, /And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, /His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin). It can be done from the third-person, however.This is generally done from selective omniscient, by showing things from a chosen characters viewpoint. Emotion can also be shown just by writing about the actions of the person, but this is generally used in the dramatical poetry, which is more com mon in the Classicists. Mostly, narrative is used for the Romantics when in that location is an actual need to show not just a feeling, but a transition from one emotion to the next. A real master of this is Joyce, who, temporary hookup not precisely a Romanticist, knows the Romanticist technique well, and utilizes it to his own mover. Joyce shows us a change in Gabriels behaviour.Specifically, he utilizes a truly interesting technique in the beginning, he does not give us any insight into Gabriels thought when we first see Gabriel, he is just one of the characters. There are umpteen others, who may be just as important although the fact that everyone is waiting for Gabriel and his wife is a certain foreshadowing of the fact that ultimately he leave be the main character, it is windlessness far from certain at this point. (O, Mr Conroy, said Lily to Gabriel when she opened the door for him, Miss Kate and Miss Julia thought you were never coming. ).As the story progresses, ho wever, we gain gradual insight into Gabriels thoughts as they become more and more mixed in with his deeds, and by the end of it, we are completely in Gabriels mind ( It hardly pained him now to think how poor a part he, her husband, had played in her breeding. ) Any outside factor is a symbol for the Romanticists, a tool for self-identification. The difference between them and the Classicists in this case is that for any Classicist the outside world with its obstacles is objective even when a hero acts or reacts, they are tempting in an environment.For a Romanticist, environment is optional. In fact, most of them prefer to relate forthwith to matters such as life and death, to notions which would be deemed abstract, and many avoid the situations in which we face these notions in life. This is well-seen in Tennysons In Memoriam I held it truth, with him who sings /To one clear harp in divers tones, /That men may turn out on stepping-stones /Of their dead selves to higher thing s. How precisely this stepping is done, Tennyson does not show.But it is these symbolic transitions, the way a human being relates with eternity, that make up the real life of a human being. The situations one faces in life are mere shadows of this real, symbolic life. This is why when the Romanticists use colorful metaphors, and another great lot of textual technique in an attempt to transfer to the reader what can only be felt, to incite an emotional state, this is not only to evoke a feeling feelings are the meat and drink of life, like actions are to the Classicist.It is this sensual experience that is real, and a transition in feeling, its ennoblement is seen as a more valuable a more ontologically real, if you will change than any actions that change ones material status. For an example, let us turn to Yeats once more, and how he describes this spiritual transmutation upon his death, in slide to Bysantium Once out of nature I shall never take/My bodily form from any natur al thing,/But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make/Of hammered gold and gold enamelling.In essence, Romanticism submerges us in the characters subjective viewpoint, and attempts to make us believe the characters actions by placing us in the characters place. They externalize the characters feelings by projecting them unto our own. For instance, Coleridge in his Kubla Khan, gives an image and a feeling which it evokes in his lyrical hero, and attempts to reproduce that same relationship indoors the readers own soul A damsel with a dulcimer In a vision once I saw /It was an Abyssinian maid,/And on her dulcimer she played,/Singing of Mount Abora. Could I revive within me/Her symphony and song,/To such a deep delight twould win me, The Classicists attempt to portray objective reality as far as they are able be it by directly addressing real-world issues, or by exploring them through story- signalizeing.A direct discussion on a real enigma is shown in Mills essay, where the narrator steps as much away(predicate) from any personal arguments as possible, and attempts to appeal only to objective facts, and even if his own experience is used, it it always as de-personalized as possible.Nearly any quote from his essay is demonstrative. The generality of a practice is in some cases a solid presumption that it is, or at all events once was, conducive to laudable ends. This is the case, when the practice was first adopted, or afterwards kept up, as a means to such ends, and was grounded on experience of the mode in which they could be most effectually attained. As we can see, he speaks in the third person as much as humanly possible, making general observations about the nature of humanity and society.The Classicists who work in fiction generally work in the narrative, because it is easier to portray outside factors from the neutral point of view of a narrator, rather than from the subjectivity of one character. The preferred mode is pure omniscient. We can see thi s if we return to Joyce, who in the beginning uses a fully omniscient mode , to show us a multitude of people and detail, to give us a panoramic view and a feeling of objectivity before he begins to focus on the internal evolution of Gabriel. Lily, the caretakers daughter, was literally run off her feet. Hardly had she brought one man into the little pantry behind the office on the ground floor and helped him off with his overcoat, than the wheezy hall-door bell clanged again and she had to scamper along the bare dorm to let in another guest. ) Joyce uses this technique to set the stage, to give the mood in which the transformation happens.I believe (though I am not positive(predicate) whether this is the view your professor has on the subject) that the difference between Joyces story and the classic Classicists is that for him the objective world is neither a place to act in nor a tool of transformation it is just a backdrop, a setting in which interaction occurs. However, selec tive omniscient can be used, as well as long as one gives enough detail that the character notices, but does not classify as important, while, in truth, they play out their part, and a reader always from his birds eye view can notice this.A good example is Mansfields The Garden, which utilizes a selective omniscient point of view. Mansfield uses both flesh out that are general, that create the mood both for the character and the reader, ( That really was extravagant, for the little cottages were in a lane to themselves at the very bottom of a dunk rise that led up to the house. A b highway road ran between. True, they were far too near. They were the greatest possible eyesore, and they had no right to be in that neighbourhood at all. ), and those that are exlusively thoughts of Laura (Is mother right? he thought. And now she hoped her mother was right. Am I being extravagant? ) Some of Mansfields most interesting technique is how she shows the transition of moods through the di fference in details Laura notices. Compare the beginning of the story (Then the karaka-trees would be hidden.And they were so lovely, with their broad, gleaming leaves, and their clusters of yellow fruit. They were like trees you imagined festering on a desert island, proud, solitary, lifting their leaves and fruits to the sun in a kind of silent splendour. ) and near the end of the story, when she learns about the death (Now the broad road was crossed. The lane began, smoky and dark. Women in shawls and mens tweed caps hurried by. Men hung over the palings the children played in the doorways. A low hum came from the mean little cottages. ) It is still a beautiful sunny day, however, Laura is in no shape to notice it. This is the kind of subjectivity that is allowed in Classicist literature a subjectivity that is a reaction to the objective world.Classicism is versatile enough to allow it, but it never allows this subjectivity to take completely first place. At best, like in Mansfi elds works, it has an almost equal role to objective actions. Classicism can even work from completely a first-persons view, as Virginia Woolf shows. But here it is emphasized that the indite is subjective but trying to transcend this subjectivity even in the first person, she attempts to step out of conventional social roles even those she takes on herself and pick up at things rationally and reasonably, and, possibly, with irony.It is a curious fact that novelists have a way of making us believe that luncheon parties are invariably memorable for something very witty that was said, or for something very wise that was done. But they seldom spare a word for what was eaten. Woolf takes many liberties with her texts, and experiments often with styles and conventions such as the itemisation of various foods, or the ironic descriptions of conversations, or unconventional views on known topics. Like a philosopher, she brings to attention things that are rarely noticed (Have you any notion of how many books are written about women in the course of one year?Have you any notion how many are written by men? Are you aware that you are, perhaps, the most discussed animal in the universe? ). But all of these are things that exist in the real world. You will find few abstractions in her works, and even those have a grounding in some sensual experience that she has. She is very skeptical indeed of any matter of pure spirit, indeed, she does not believe in them in the common sense of the word. (One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well. The lamp in the spine does not light on beef and prunes.We are all probablygoing to heaven, and Vandyck is, we hope, to meet us round the next cornerthat is the obscure and qualifying state of mind that beef and prunes at the end of the days work breed between them) This is what attempted objectivity from the first person looks like. Mixed modes work well, too. Conrads Heart of Darkness is a great example of this he often gives descriptions which could be both from the third person and the first person (The Nellie, a cruising yawl, swung to her anchor without a flutter of the sails ), and even those he gives explicitly from the first person are always shown as attempting to step away from direct emotional perception, such as in the scene where the hero thinks about the reason why the savages are cannibals. (I would no doubt have been flop horrified, had it not occurred to me that he and his chaps must be very hungry that they must have been growing increasingly hungry for at least this month past. ) This is very typical of Classicism, to look for outside solutions to ones feelings, and, instead of feeling something directly, to attempt to reach feeling throughout experience and logical thought.A Classicist cannot emphasize directly Conrad could not have written something like, I saw the hunger in his eyes and realized with a sharp jab of the conscience that, had I been so hungry, I would have been no different. A Classicist will only portray the internal logic of his heroes, he cannot attempt to have them experience something they did not, even in the imagination. They remain captured by their own lives. What is important about Classicism is that it is almost always in prose.There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, such as Browning, but they are few and far between. Poetry adds an extra, undesirable dimension to a text. It is the dimension of subconscious influence by the sound of the words, by the rhythm. Classicism, of course, cannot step completely away from using techniques that influence not so much by meaning, as by style so long as the work is a work of literature but they do their best not to emphasize on the technical style of things.Even if they use technique, it is as round-eyed as possible. The Classicists indirect request the text to be transparent, as opposed to the many colors of Romanticism. Conrad is, once again, a good example her e his descriptions are dynamic, yet very simple One evening as I was lying flat on the deck of my steamboat, I heard voices approachingand there were the nephew and the uncle strolling along the bank. Complete contrast to the go and raising of the Romantic worlds, Classicism uses Occams Razor as much as possible.Classicism likes to use a dramatic stance it generally does not tell us about what the person is feeling, but rather attempts to allow us to see for ourselves from the persons actions. For instance, Browning in his poetry a rare example of a dramatic approach in it does not give us feelings directly. Instead, he gives us actions and thoughts related to those actions, not self-reflection like when he writes about the painter Fra Filippo Lippi (Or Lippo Lippi, as he calls his hero))(/Zooks, whats to blame? you think you see a monk What, tis past midnight, and you go the rounds,/And here you catch me at an alleys end/Where sportive ladies leave their doors open? ) This say s more about the character of the frater than any self-reflection upon the nature of necessity to go out at night would have. For the Classicists, it is an emphasis on that only the deeds of a person are actually real, and the thoughts essentially matter only as stimuli towards action. This is an externalization of the characters psychology by projecting it upon the world.

The story of The Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

The narrative of The Taming of the termagant Es set upHow does each composers use of this story hypothesise the time in which each was composed?Critical Response The story of The Taming of the Shrew is one that raises important issues both in the classic Shakespearean text and in the modern appropriation 10 Things I Hate nearly You. Despite the goings in the style of language, medium used and the changed values, the idea behind the two is similar. In both texts, the story is of a wild girl, the shrew, who then goes by dint of the process of being tamed by a man who is nonrecreational to marry her, or go out with her in the case of the film. The play is indite by the great play writer, William Shakespeare, and the film is directed by Gil Junger.How women are viewed as and treated in society has changed over time and this is portrayed in the two antithetic texts, and so is habit of men. The nature of the relationship between men and women are besides different between Shakespeares play and Jungers film. It is in the delegacy that Shakespeare and Junger has composed each piece that differs it from each otherwise, thus reflecting the difference in time and culture.The style of language used in the two texts is noniceably different. The Taming of the Shrew is a 16th century play pen by the great William Shakespeare, whereas 10 Things I Hate nigh You is a modern appropriation of Shakespeares play. It is clean obvious that there is a difference in the language style they have been written in different times and for different audiences. The Taming of the Shrew is written for an Elizabethan audience in the 16th century, who are used to Shakespeares style of writing, while Gil Jungers 10 Things I Hate nearly You is produced for a relatively young audience and targeted to mainly high school students.The language style used has to suit the understanding levels of the targeted audience, and both texts fulfill that criteria. The style of language us ed reflect the time in which each was composed, the play is written in the 16th century with some of the other plays by Shakespeare and the film is do in the twentieth century as it has modern dialogue. The only similarity they have in language style is when some characters in the 10 Things I Hate About You quote a bit of Shakespearean language and makes references to the play such as the school being named Padua High School.The form of the two texts are different as well, one is a classic five-act Shakespearean play compared to a 20th century teenage film. The different media show what time each was made in. The play is written in a period of time when going to the theatre was one of the only means of entertainment because cinemas and televisions have not all the same been invented the film is in full colour and also features a modern soundtrack therefore illustrating the fact that it was made more recently.Another obvious fact that shows the difference in time is that the values have changed between the time of Shakespeare and the 20th century. In The Taming of the Shrew, all women are supposed to act in the same way, bid Bianca in the play, who is gentle and passive. In 10 Things I Hate About You, there are two clear perceptions of the women of the time, one who is still gentle unless less passive and the other is independent and has a mind of her own. Both perceptions of women in the film are accepted in our post-feminist society, females have a stronger character in the world but males still have more of dominance.Despite this, the plot has been changed to fit our post-feminist society, we would not allow or accept a charr to undergo total submission to a man. Women are no longer expected to attend on everything their husbands tell them to do and can have opinions of their own, and also be heard in the world compared to being conformists in the 16th century patriarchal society. Kat in the film is strong and actually has cause the girls in the open ing scene are afraid of her, she breaks school rules, she is able to talk back to her father, and she is able to walk away and leave her formal age near the end of the film. She is different and a non-conformist whereas in the play Katherina is tamed by the end of the play. The society now is one that accepts individualism. This shows that the role of women has changed significantly quad centuries later, and values and linguistic context has changed but women are still more like Bianca, both in the play and film.The role of men in society has not changed as much as the role of women. Men do not conform to the standards of the society and they do not need to, as they are not expected to do so. In both texts, we can clearly see how the man constructs himself in the different characters. The audience gets a clear view of the role of men in society in both the play and the film.The nature of the relationship between men and women is similar but with just a teeny-weeny difference from the play to the film. In both, there is the sense of using money as a means of motivation to get Petruchio, or Patrick Verona in the film, to go for the shrew. In The Taming of the Shrew, Petruchio goes for Kate because of the dowry her father has to offer and Hortensio, who is a suitor to Bianca, makes an offer to pay Petruchio to go for Kate. In 10 Things I Hate About You, Patrick Verona is paid by Joey Dona, who wants Bianca for himself, to ask Kat out. Although money is involved in both texts, in the film Patrick falls for Kat, as being a shrew in the 20th century is more accepted and he does not seem to mind her being an individual. In the play, Kate is entirely tamed by Petruchio and has no say in any matters. This again shows that females in the 20th century are freer to do what they please.Lastly, another element that varies in the two texts is the role of the father. In Shakespeares play, Baptista plays the paternalistic role that has all power and authority over his two d aughters all the rules are enforced by him. In 10 Things I Hate About You, Kat and Biancas father is still trying to exercise this power and authority but he is more humane and allows rules to be altered according to the situation, and Bianca is allowed to check when Kat does because he believes Kat to be more mature and independent.In conclusion, the issues that are raised in the story of The Taming of the Shrew are carried onto the modern appropriation 10 Things I Hate About You. However, the two composers use different techniques, such as the style of writing and medium that differ from each other in the two texts. They also incorporate the values of the society at the time into their works, which means the latter version of the story has altered values and context because the society we live in now has since evolved from the Elizabethan times. Through the different elements used, each text reflects the time and culture in which it was composed.

Prudhoe Bay Oil Field: Discovery, Formation and Impacts

Prudhoe bespeak Oil Field Discovery, Formation and ImpactsThe Prudhoe Bay inunct business line The largest anele colour discovery in the USAThe Prudhoe Bay petroleum celestial orbit is laid in Alaska on the North Slope. The onshore written report spans 214,000 acres. Due to the immense size, satellite fields are established within the field. These extract small quantities of cover and heavy weapon. In total, there are an estimated 24 genius million million bbls of OOIP and 40 tcf of OGIP (BP, 2006). The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) is also in the North Slope, which is possess by the federal government.In 1944 the U.S Geographical Survey conducted an extensive exploration program on behalf of the U.S navy costing over $55 million (Morgridge, 1969). Seismic, solemnity and magnetic surveys were completed and 3 anoint and 6 flatulence reservoirs were found. Without this survey, there is little doubt this field would have been discovered so soon by ARCO a nd Exxon in 1968. This was fol unhopefuled by 8 years of legitimacy issues where surrounding lease owners including BP and Exxon resolved their equity participation for the future oil extractions. Production so began in 1977. Currently, BP is the operator of the Prudhoe Bay field and all satellite fields on the Prudhoe Bay unit. ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil have the highest joint percentage ownership of 36% each followed by BP (26%) and lastly Chevron (1%) (BP, 2013).The stratigraphy and structural geological formations made it possible for the reservoir to form. During rifting, rocks were uplifted which gave rise to an unconformity these rocks were buried again, giving rise to an unconformity trap. Figure 1 shows the cross incision of the field and the most important reservoir is found in the Sadlerochit group. The western boundary of this reservoir is sealed by the structural straddle in the upper surface on the reservoir. A stratigraphic trap seals the reservoir this is an u nconformable degree composed of a cretaceous mudst oneness. At the start of production the sagacity of oil bearing sandstone was 600ft, recently the thickness average is 60ft. (Jamison, Brockett and McIntosh, 1983, pp. 279302)The deposition of the sadlerochit layer occurred under 2 separate conditions giving rise to an upper and lower sequence, containing different compositions. The principal(prenominal) composition of the lower sequence ranges is clastic sediments, such as sandstone. This was derived through a northerly line, and crucially deposition occurred in a shallow-marine environment the believed source of the petroleum. The sediments from the upper layer were derived from the south where non-marine alluvial complexes were present. Figure 2 shows the age of the reservoir is the Triassic age and visually shows the sadlerochit group and the different rocks present including the dipping that occurs. The Ivishak layer contains sandstone and has a slight dip of 2O south this layer produces the largest proportion of the oil in the field (Erickson and Sneider, 1997, pp. 1822).The permeability varies across the field. The Ivishak layer is subdivided into 8 unsloped regulates and in descending order these zones are 4B, 4A, 3, 2C, 2B, 2A, 1B, and 1A. Zones are defined by the individual petrophysical properties of each vertical section. The permeability in each individual zone varies shell outably, for example in zone 2A there is a 100-fold difference in minimum and maximum values- 25md to 2500md. This difference implies that there is a vast change in the pore system, not the magnitude of porosity (Sneider and Erickson, 1997, pp. 2330). Figure 4 shows the varying rock type and thickness, as well as the geophysical properties. For example, the low gamma ray count indicates the presence of silt and shale.Development of the field has been hugely successful. There were 25 billion bbls of oil, of which only 9.6 billion bbls was initially popular opinion to be recoverable. This estimate has growingd to 13 billion bbls due to technological advances in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and through gas reinjection programs (ConocoPhillips, 2006). Of these 13 billion bbls, 11.3 billion bbls of oil has been extracted. Production rates of oil began to exceed one million bbls in 1969 and peaked in 1987 to 1.6 million bbls a day (Alaska department of Administration, 2013). Since 1991 daily output began to decline annually at a rate of 7-12% a year this is shown through Figure 5 (Standing, 2000). Nowadays, the Prudhoe Bay field produces 271,000 bbls of oil a day.Miscible gas injection is a successful EOR method used in Prudhoe Bay. Miscible gas acts as a solvent, vaporizing the oil from the residuum oil content, thus more oil reaches the producing wells (BP, 2006). Once miscible gas is injected, water is then pumped into the reservoir. This method increases efficiency by preventing gas channeling within the reservoir. This EOR method is known as wat er-alternating-gas. In 1983, the Prudhoe Bay miscible gas throw began. The watch aimed to optimise the oil recovery of the field by carrying out a number of trials where the amount of miscible gas injected was varied. Each trial was ranked in order of efficiency in terms of produced oil and in respect to the amount of solvent retained in the reservoir (Alaska Oil and bluster Conservation Commission, 1983). The most efficient injection ratio remained which is one of the reasons the ultimate recovery is around 60% of the initial reserves. Of this 60%, the miscible gas injection contri hardlyes up to 10% of the recovery in certain areas. This project occurred early in the fields production increasing the oil production from the onset.Oil extracted from the Prudhoe Bay field is transported along the Trans-Alaska personal credit line System (taps). The TAPS spans from the Prudhoe Bay field to the Valdez Marine terminal located 800 miles away here up to 7.13 million barrels of oil su bstructure be stored which can then be loaded on tankers (Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, 2011). Without the pipeline, resources extracted from the North Slope cannot be monetised as the product cannot reach the market for sale due to the fields location. The TAPS was the largest privately funded construction when built, costing $8 billion since then, 16 billions barrels of oil has been transport to the Valdez Marine terminal (ConocoPhillips , 2014). However, the decline of oil output is soon to be an issue with no investment, the minimum advert rate may occur as soon as 2045, which result authorize to the shutdown of the TAPS. This is because, if flow rate is not achieved, corrosion and ice will occur to a greater extent causing the pipe to wrinkle and kink. accelerator is just as important a resource as oil. Since a gas pipeline from the North Slope is non-existent gas is not marketable as it cannot be transported away from the North Slope. Since startup, the majority of the gas extracted with the oil was re-injected into the reservoir to enhance oil recovery while some supports power the production engrafts. suck and water are separated from the oil at a separation plant where the gas is then transported to the world largest central gas facility (CGF) that is located in Prudhoe Bay. The CGF can handle 9 bcf of gas daily and has the world largest smokeless flare where excess gas is burnt. The gas in the CGF is cooled and separated consort to the size of the gas particles, the cooling facility alone costs $1 billion to build (BP, 2006). Most of the larger natural gas liquids are meld with the oil and sent along the TAPS. The rest is mixed with methane giving a miscible gas, which is injected into the reservoir as an EOR method. The unused gas is sent to the central crush plant (CCP), where it is compressed and injected into the reservoir to maintain pressure, which aids oil recovery. Consequently, since production the reservoir pressure has only dec lined by 1000 psi (4300 to 3300psi) (Weaver and Uldrich, 1999).The future prospects of the field are less promising due to the depletion of the oil. However, these prospects can be restored if the Alaskan gas pipeline is approved. The Alaska liquefied natural gas project (LNG) would be one of the worlds largest construction projects with estimated costs of $45 billion to $65 billion, funded by Exxon, ConocoPhillips and BP (Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects, 2014). The project includes an 800-mile pipeline shown in regard 6 spanning from Prudhoe Bay to Nikiski. LNG carriers would then transport the liquefied natural gas (LNG). The project includes a purpose built liquefaction plants and a gas purifying plant to remove carbon dioxide and other impurities. The pipeline will have the capacity to carry up to 3.5 billion cubic feet of gas, while the LNG plant will be capable of making up to 20 million metric tons of LNG a year (processing 2.5 billion cubic feet a day). This proj ect would allow the gas extracted to be monetised and exported to countries with a free trade agreement with the United States. This includes South Korea, which is the second largest LNG importer (Hong, 2013). This project will increase the fields economic outcome, attracting make headway investment.The productivity of the field is improved by establishing satellite fields. Figure 7 illustrates the 5 satellite fields. The Polaris and Orion satellite field produces the viscous oil in the formation that is difficult to extract at a depth of 4000-5000 ft. In comparison Midnight Sun extracts the hydrocarbon from a sandstone formation at a depth of 8000 ft. The Aurora and Borealis fields are established on similar formations. These fields combined contribute to around 30,000 barrels of oil a day (BP,2013). The satellite fields use existing infrastructure, which meant that the field was being optimised further by increase production while the initial costs were kept low.It is important t o consider the impacts of oil and gas production in Prudhoe Bay. Approximately 2% of the land surface in the kingdom has been altered due to the oil industry. Monitoring species alteration in the region has shown that there is little change due to this alteration. In fact, most animals use the oil field for nesting, breeding and summer forage. Some home ground has been lost which has resulted in some species being localised, however, there was no decline in population. This shows that the impacts of the oil industry on the North Slope are paltry showing sustainable development (Maki, 1992, pp. 16911707).Following the decline in production, exploration was renewed, which led to the discovery of two previously unutilised areas. The areas are in the west region of the field and the Sag River formation, which overlies the main Prudhoe Bay reservoir. Due to the potential of these new areas, BP has increased investment in Alaska by 25% to $1.2 billion. Part of this investment will be used to conduct a 190 square mile seismic survey and a new well pad. It is estimated that the investment may increase production by 40,000bpd, thus reduce the likelihood of the TAPS shutdown as minimum flow rate is easily overcome (Platts, 2014). The Sag River formation is a thin unexploited reservoir in which a 15 well test program will be conducted during 2015 and 2016. The success of this could enable a future 200 wells being built, this may yield 200 million barrels of oil once developed. The Western part of the field hasnt been fully exploited yet with only the Borealis satellite field tapping into a reservoir that is in a lower position than the main reservoir. Continuing west, the oil column reduces in thickness at times being only 30ft, this is in the Northwest Eileen. Horizontal drilling will be needed to maximize extraction of the thin oil column this comes with the associated risks of water encroachment on top of the increased cost due to horizontal drilling (Bailey, 2013 ). Due to these issues, the end to develop the Northwest Eileen is still in the pipeline and if approved would further increase production rates.To conclude, the possibilities and the history of Prudhoe Bay make it attractable to investors. Prudhoe Bay is a giant field where majority of the oil has been extracted resulting in a decline in production rates. The TAPS is vital for the success of the field and if minimum flow rate is not achieved then the oil can no longer be transported and sold. Investments to the pipeline will mean that minimum flow rate can be lowered extending the life of the TAPS. There are no plans of abandonment due to the likelihood of future proposals being successful. The liquefied natural gas project alone would be highly profitable and successful for investors as around 40 tcf of gas is still present. If the future exploration projects are successful in areas such as the Sag River formation then oil production will begin to increase. A successful future of the field is dependent of these tests but if encouraging, investors will be in a privileged position.BibliographyAlaska Department of Administration (2013)AOGCC Pool Statistics.Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects (2014)Alaska LNG project. Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects. visible(prenominal) at http//www.arcticgas.gov/alaska-lng-project (Accessed 6 December 2014).Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Comnission (1983)PRUDHOE BAY MISCIBLE GAS PROJECT.Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (2011)The Valdez Marine Terminal. Alyeska 2011. Available at http//www.alyeska-pipe.com/TAPS/ValdezTerminalAndTankers (Accessed 6 December 2014).Arctic Gas (2013)Alaska natural gas pipeline projects guide, maps. Arcticgas.gov. Available at http//www.arcticgas.gov/alaska-natural-gas-pipeline-projects-guide-and-maps (Accessed 16 December 2014).Bailey, A. (2013) BP looks to new development at Prudhoe Bay to help stem decline, Petroleum News, August.BP (2013)Greater Prudhoe Bay. Available at htt p//www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/bp-worldwide/prudhoe-bay-2013.pdf (Accessed 6 December 2014).BP (2006)Prudhoe Bay factsheet. Available at https//dec.alaska.gov/ spar/perp/response/sum_fy06/060302301/factsheets/060302301_factsheet_PB.pdf (Accessed 6 December 2014).ConocoPhillips (2006) Viscous oil the Slopes next major proven oil opportunity,Arctic Energy For today and tomorrow.ConocoPhillips (2014)Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Available at http//alaska.conocophillips.com/who-we-are/alaska-operations/Pages/trans-alaska-pipeline-system.aspx (Accessed 6 December 2014).Division of Oil and Gas (1996) Generalised North Slope Stratigraphic column displaying oil and gas reservoirs and associated columns.Erickson, J. W. and Sneider, R. M. (1997) geomorphological and Hydrocarbon Histories of The Ivishak (Sadlerochit) Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field,SPE Reservoir Engineering, 12(01), pp. 1822. inside 10.2118/28574-pa.Hamilton, J. (2007) The challenge of depletion.Holstein, E. D. and War ner, H. R. (1994) Overview of Water Saturation Determination For the Ivishak (Sadlerochit) Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field,SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. doi 10.2118/28573-ms.Hong, C. H. (2013) South Korea LNG Imports Climb 19 Percent on Higher Power Demand, Bloomberg, November.Jamison, H., Brockett, L. and McIntosh, R. (1983) Chapter 13 Palaeogeomorphic and Unconformity Traps,Developments in Petroleum Science, pp. 279302. doi 10.1016/s0376-7361(08)70097-9.Maki, A. (1992) Of measured risks The environmental impacts of the Prudhoe Bay, alaska, oil field, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11(12), pp. 16911707. doi 10.1002/etc.5620111204.Morgridge, D. (1969) Geology and Discovery of Prudhoe Bay Field, Eastern Arctic Slope, Alaska ABSTRACT, AAPGAAPG Bulletin. doi 10.1306/5d25cc57-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d.Platts (2014) BP to hike 2014 Alaska investment 25% to $1.2 bil, plans new projects, Bradner, T., February.Sneider, R. M. and Erickson, J. W. (1997) Rock Types, De positional History, and Diagenetic Effects, Ivishak Reservoir, Prudhoe Bay Field,SPE Reservoir Engineering, 12(01), pp. 2330. doi 10.2118/28575-pa.Standing, T. H. (2000) Data shows steep Prudhoe Bay production decline.,Oil Gas Journal.Weaver, J. W. and Uldrich, D. O. (1999) Optimizing Solvent Allocation in the Prudhoe Bay Miscible Gas Project,SPE Western Regional Meeting. doi 10.2118/54615-ms.

Oligopoly Market Conditions

Oligopoly Market ConditionsOligopoly is such a grocery store space wherein the number of sellers is a couple of(prenominal) and the song of buyer are many. That is unlike the monopolistic competition the seller are not one that at least two and could range up to ten. This is because of the following reasons.Heavy stimulant drug costs of producing the product making it difficult for every firm to make investments.Entry barriers made by the bigger firms in the form of judicature regulations, legal injury competition, brand setting and other pressure tactics.The method of production requires specialization which is not available with other firms.Product enjoys monopoly in the market.Thus the above mentioned few reasons can become the cause of set up of an oligopoly market.Number of sellers and buyers in oligopolyNow Oligopoly, as mentioned above can have from two to tens suppliers, rather than one in the case of monopoly market. Thus they together become the scathe setters in stead of price takers. Any overture in price will benefit the rise in sales of other company products that may be alike or differentiated. Reason being the other companies wont follow in ascending their product prices as they would be expecting an increase in sales.On the other side, any decrease in price will not help ingest many customers, as the other companies will respond in a similar pattern and the result will be price war. Thus declining the price level would not help gain as many customers as expected.Price Equilibrium in OligopolyAn equilibrium condition is when the prices remain unstable and the yield remains same. To increase the demand of the products and meet the competition of other products in the market, these firms indulge in heavy publicize apparent movements. Through advertisements they teach the customers about the natural feature that is added in their product and various other benefits of using their product. This sometimes results in putting stains o n the other companys product in indirect words.Examples of OligopolyA number of examples of Oligopoly market situation can be figured out around us. These are explained as follows.PepsiCo and Coca Cola Co. are the two market leader and sellers of soft drinks around the world. Thus two rime of firms selling to large number of buyers makes it an Oligopoly market. Furthermore these companies are always making heavy investments on advertisements around the globe. Some of the advertisements may be meant to harm the brand image of other. The result in another advertisement in response. Sometimes these matters are blush taken to courts for settlement.Boeing and Airbus are another two large companies that makes planes to foster the need of various countries. Again these are two companies, which are the sign of Oligopoly market conditions. These companies although do not make much advertisements, but offers latest techniques at competitive prices by making product specialisation and attra cting customers around the globe.OPEC includes a few numbers of sellers of petroleum product throughout the world. As the number of seller is not two but not many either. The numbers of buyers are large, including countries in Asia, Africa, europium etc.Diagrammatic representation of OligopolyAs we know that in the Oligopoly is a market where in the number of seller are more than two but not higher in number, whereas the buyers are many. Moreover the price rise results in benefitting the other companys product sales. And on the other hand the price take up results in attracting only a few customers. This type of market conditions can be displayed as follows.From the above diagram its clear that this diagram is very similar to monopoly market situation. But the difference is this type of condition remains for a definite price period. That is if any firm try to raise its prices from Pc to Po the result would be benefit to other firms. Whereas if a firm try to reduce its product pric es than that would not foster him more customers than expected. The result would be modify the profit margins.Thus a Cooperative Oligopoly price level is administered where in all the companies agree to follow a minimum price levels to earn trustworthy profits. Any displacement from the agreed price would affect the changer or so called the Cheater, either by fall in demand or fall in profits. Thus a Nash Equilibrium point can be accepted by all the companies in the Oligopoly where in all the companies earn erect profits at the present output and price levels.Features of OligopolyNow we can conclude the features of the Oligopoly market conditions. These are as follows.Few producers or sellers and high numbers of buyers.Product differentiation is up to some level or no product differentiation.The firms enjoy normal profits in normal market conditions.The firms forecast on advertisements, quality rivalry and generally accepted by the group of firms.Economies of scale will exist, a s heavy investment and improved technology is involve to get similar quality output at the competitive costs.New firms cannot enter the market, as the old firms create a barrier through government restrictions, heavy investments, pressure techniques like takeover of the uprising company.Swift action is taken on the change in price level and defaming advertising campaign by according price change and responsive advertisements.ConclusionIn the nutshell we can say that the Oligopoly market situation is very similar to Monopoly market situation but with more than one number of seller up to limit extent. The pricing is done by proper agreement between the firms. The product differentiation may or may not present. The firms spend heavy on the advertising campaign and keep a close look at the advertising of other companies and response accordingly. The firms earn normal profits but input barriers on the new entrants.